• Introduction
• Hormones
• Endocrine glands
• Pituitary gland
• Hormones of pituitary gland
• Hormones of adenohypophysis
• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Prolactin (PL)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
• Hormones of neurohypophysis
• Vasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
• Oxytocin
• Thyroid gland
• Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
• Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) or calcitonin
• Parathyroid glands
• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Parathormone
• The Kidneys
• Adrenals or Suprarenal glands
• Corticosterone and Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)
• Aldosterone and Deoxycorticosterone
• Adrenaline
• Noradrenaline
• Islets of Langerhans
• Glucagon
• Insulin
• Testes in males
• Testosterone
• Ovaries in females
• Estrogens
• Progesterone
• Placenta
• Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
• Human chorionic growth hormone-prolactin (CGP)
• Thymus
• Thymosin and Thymopoietin
• Pineal body
• Melatonin
• Gastrointestinal hormones
• Heart and Atrial Natriuretic Factors (ANF)
• Hypothalamus
• Feedback control mechanism

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Transcript:-
The endocrine system is signal system similar to the nervous system that constitutes a collection of hormones, secreting glands to regulate the body's physiology. Hormones are directly released into the bloodstream to act on target organs or cells. Hormones are chemical regulators secreted by the endocrine glands that maintain homeostasis in the.

The hormones coordinate and regulate various physiological processes. In human body hormones are manufactured and released into the bloodstream under instructions from the brain. Hormones are needed in relatively small amounts like vitamins to produce their effect. The tissue or organ on which a specific hormone exerts its effect is called the target tissue or target organ.

The target tissues or organs are usually located away from the center of secretion, and hence, hormones are often referred to as distant activators. Endocrine glands, also called ductless glands are devoid abducts. They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, unlike the exocrine glands such as the Mamie, salivary, and sweat glands that release the secretions through ducts to external environment, the study of endocrine glands and their secretions hormones constitutes a special branch of biology called endocrinology.

The endocrine glands and tissues, which constitute the human endocrine system are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, kidneys, adrenals, eyelets of longer, Hans in the pancreas, alpha and beta cells, testes in males, ovaries in females, placenta in female during pregnancy. Thymus, pineal body, pineal gland, gastrointestinal hormones secreted by localized areas in stomach and small intestine.

Heart hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is known as the master gland and is also described as the conductor of the endocrine orchestra. The pituitary gland is an oval-shaped reddish gray body of about 10 millimeters in diameter, located at the base of the brain below the hypothalamus in a depression called hypo fo.

The pituitary gland is composed of two parts, adeno hypothesis and neuro hypothesis. Adeno hypothesis is composed of three divisions, pars, distals, pars, two Morales, and pars intermedia. Neuro hypothesis consists of two divisions, pars, nervosa, and infundibulum, or pituitary stalk. The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are called tropin.

These hormones control and regulate the production of hormones produced by other glands, including testes and ovaries. The adeno hypothesis secretes the following seven hormone. Growth hormone, G H or Somato? Tropic hormone, S t H or Somatotropin? Adrenal Cortico. Tropic Hormone, A C T H, or adrenal corticotropin, thyroid stimulating Hormone, T S H or Thyrotropin?

Prolactin. P R L or Lact hormone or Ludia? Tropic hormone. L t h. Follicle stimulating hormone, F S H, Lutian Hormone lh, or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone, I C S H, melanocyte stimulating hormone, M S H or intermittent. The extract of the neuro hypothesis is called petitin, and this contains two hormones, vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone, a d, H, and oxytocin.

Growth hormone promotes the growth of bones, cartilage, and muscles. GH also stimulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine, helps in the conversion of glycogen to glucose, increases the breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes, and increases protein synthesis. Hypos, secretion of GH leads to dwarfism in children and Simmons disease in adults.

Hyper secretion of the hormone leads to giantism in children and acromegaly in adults. A C T H stimulates the adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids, such as cortisol and adrenal androgens. A C T H promotes increased urinary excretion of phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. It also promotes retention of sodium and chloride in.

TS H stimulates the secretion of thyroxine by thyroid gland. It regulates the rate of iodine intake by the thyroid gland. Hypos secretion of ts H leads to hypothyroidism, marked by decreased functional activity of thyroxine hypers. Secretion of ts H leads to hyperthyroidism characterized by excessive thyroid function.

LH stimulates breast development and milk secretion from Mamie glands in women. It is responsible for activating and maintaining corpus lutia and continued secretion of progesterone hypos secretion causes poor milk production in nursing women, and hypos Secretion leads to cessation of menses Fs h stimulates the growth and maturation of Graafian ovarian.

Follicle and secretion of estrogen in females. It promotes spermatogenesis in males. Hypos, secretion of Fs H leads to hypogonadism. In females, LH stimulates the graph and follicles to burst leading to ovulation. Ovulation results In the formation of Corpus Lutia, which subsequently secretes progesterone in males.

LH stimulates the release of androgens like testosterone into the blood. Hypos secretion of LH leads to delayed puberty, hypogonadism, and reproductive abnormalities. Ms. H is responsible for the distribution of melanin pigment granules produced by melanocytes onto the skin epidermis. Higher amount of melanin causes darkening of the skin.

A d h is synthesized in the hypothalamus of the brain and is later transported to the neuro hypothesis for secretion. It elevates blood pressure by its action on arterials throughout the body. It stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules. Lack of a d H leads to a situation called diabetes insipidus, resulting in the excretion of large amount of dilute urine from the kidney.

Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus of the brain and subsequently secreted by the neuro hypothesis. It helps in the transport of sperms for fertilization. It stimulates contraction of uterine muscles at the time of partition or birth of the child. It also stimulates the ejection of milk from Mamie glands after child.

Thyroid gland is located on the ventral side of the neck region at the junction of the larynx and trachea. It is a bi lobed gland, which secretes three hormones, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid calcitonin. The hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine contain iodine and are iodinated amino acids.

These are essential for growth, development and metabolism. These influence blood pressure as well as pulse rate, and also influence heat production at the time of oxidative metabolism In. Hypos secretion of these hormones results in cretinism, a disease characterized by slow metabolic rates and retarded physical and mental development in infants and mixed edema characterized by swollen face and hands men, rasia in women and gynecomastia, or complete loss of libido in males in adults.

Hypos secretion of these hormones also cause a disease called simple Go. Characterized by enlarged thyroid glands due to deficiency of iodine in diet. Hypos secretion of these hormones results in exo thalamic goiter, or Graves disease characterized by excessive protrusion of eyeballs. T C T lowers blood, calcium and phosphate levels.

It also promotes the formation of bone. Parathyroid glands are reddish glands located on the thyroid gland four in number two on each side. These secrete the parathyroid hormone, P T H or para hormone. P T H is responsible for elevating blood calcium and lowering blood phosphate levels. Hypos secretion leads to a disorder called tey, characterized by irritation of nervous tissue causing muscular spasms due to calcium deficiency in blood.

Hyper secretion causes osteo fibrosis cystic. F C during which the bones become softened and the amount of calcium in blood increases, which subsequently deposits on the walls of arteries, hardening them. The kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin or E P O in response to a drop in the body's oxygen levels termed as hypoxia.

It is also produced in small quantities by the. E P O stimulates the bone marrow to produce erythrocytes, RBCs, and is also involved in wound healing. The adrenal glands are found closely opposed to the upper poles of the kidneys. Each adrenal has an outer part called Cortex and an inner part called MedU.

The adrenal cortex secretes two types of hormones, glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. Glucocorticoids contain two hormones, corticosterone and hydrocortisone or cortisol. Mineralcorticoids contain two hormones, aldosterone and deoxy corticosterone. Adrenal medulla secretes two hormones, adrenaline or epinephrine and noad, adrenaline or norepinephrine.

Corticosterone and hydrocortisone promote synthesis of carbohydrates and breakdown of proteins. They also possess anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy proper. Hydrocortisone is administered to treat adverse reactions due to certain medications. For example, penicillin and during asthma attacks, hyper secretion of cortisol leads to Cushing's syndrome characterized by upper body obesity, particularly around the midsection and between the shoulders.

Buffalo. Face, moon, face and trunk, thin arms and legs, thin skin, muscular weakness, high blood pressure, loss of calcium from bones and excessive sugar in blood and urine hypos. Secretion of cortisol causes Addison's disease, which is characterized by the loss of salt and water in the. Muscular weakness, darkening of the skin, high blood pressure, nausea, fatigue, and vomit.

Deoxy Corticosterone is a precursor for the production of aldosterone. Both aldosterone and Deoxy Corticosterone promote sodium ions retention and potassium ions loss through kidneys. Hypers. Secretion of aldosterone increases extracellular fluid volume, and arterial pressure due to increased reabsorption of sodium.

Its hypos secretion is responsible for Addison's disease. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, promotes increased blood flow through skeletal muscles. It stimulates increased oxygen consumption, increasing the blood pressure as well. It stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose and decreases insulin production, which results in increased blood sugar levels.

It also slows down peristalsis of the digestive tract. Thus adrenaline helps the body to respond to emergencies like. Shock, fear, excitement, and so forth, and hence is often regarded as the emergency hormone norad. Adrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, stimulates the constriction of arterials and venules resulting in elevation of blood.

Eyelets of Langerhans constitute the endocrine part of the pancreas. The eyelets contain two main types of cells, alpha cells, large cells with large spherical nuclei and granular cytoplasm. And beta cells. Small cells containing large number of a acidophil granules during the inactive phase of the glands.

Alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin. Other cells found in the eyelets are delta cells that secrete somatostatin, statin, and gamma cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels functioning in opposition to insulin. It also stimulates metabolism of lipids and proteins.

insulin increases the utilization of glucose in cells and lowers blood sugar levels. It helps in the storage of excessive glucose as glycogen in liver. It also promotes protein and fat synthesis. Hypos secretion of insulin leads to a fall in the level of blood sugar resulting in hypoglycemia, which is characterized by.

Blurred vision, hypos secretion leads to a rise in blood sugar leading diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, an increase in blood sugar above the normal level of 80 to 120 milligrams per 100 milliliters. Glyco. Excretion of large quantities of blood sugar through urine, polyurea, frequent urination, dehydration, loss of water due to frequent urination, polydipsia, excessive thirst, and increased intake of water, loss of body weight.

abnormal fat metabolism, non utilization of glucose for fuel in the absence of insulin culminates in fat metabolism. During energy requirement ketosis. Abnormal fat metabolism leads to overproduction of ketones, acidosis, acid. Increase in the acidity of body fluids, particularly blood due to increased accumulation of acids.

The interstitial cells or li dig cells in the testes secrete the male sex hormone called androgens. The main androgen is testosterone. Testosterone is also secreted by the ovaries in smaller amounts. Testosterone stimulates the development of male sex characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and hair growth.

It also stimulates the growth and functioning of male reproductive organs, such as the testes and prostate Testosterone plays a vital role in spermatogenesis production of sperms. Two types of hormones are secreted by the ovaries, estrogens, and progestogen estrogens. Follicle hormones are secreted by the Graafian follicles, progestogen example.

Progesterone are secreted by the corpus lutia. Estrogens stimulate the formation of female secondary characteristics like the development of mammary glands, broader pelvis, increase in adipose fat tissue, and so forth. It prepares the uterine wall for proliferative growth of its lining, endometrium, and promotes the development of fallopian tube.

The hormone progesterone promotes the development of uterine endometrium for nurturing the embryo. It maintains pregnancy and suppresses ovulation and reproductive cycles during pregnancy. The placenta produces various hormones of which two main hormones are released during pregnancy. Human chorionic goro.

H C G and human chorionic growth hormone Prolactin. C G P, human Chorionic. Gonadotropin, H C G has a protective function on the developing fetus. Deficiency of this hormone in the early stages of pregnancy can lead to abortion. The human chorionic growth hormone Prolactin, C G P, also known as human chorionic somato.

Mammo tropin or human placental lactogen, H P L stimulates the activity of prolactin. Thymus is located in the upper portion of the thorax and is partly endocrine and partly lymphoid in nature. It secretes the hormones, thymosin and thie iin thymine. The hormone thymosin promotes the production of lymphocytes, which play an important role in cell mediated immune system.

Thie Titin or thymine regulates neuromuscular nerve transmission. Hyper secretion of thymine leads to a disease called myasthenia gravis, which is characterized by weak skeletal muscles and dislocation of neuromuscular transmission. The pineal gland is a flattened structure that remains attached to the brain on the roof of the third ventricle by a short stalk.

Pineal stalk, it secretes a hormone called melatonin. Melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of rhythmic activity of the endocrine system. It maintains the body's circadian rhythm or sleep wake cycle, and also regulates the timing and release of female reproductive hormones. Melatonin supplements are used to relieve sleeping problems in schizophrenia patients.

The gastrointestinal hormones secreted by the stomach and small intestine include gastro one and two. Stomach secretes these hormones which promote the secretion of gastric juice. Cholecystokinin Pancrea, C C K. It is secreted by the small intestine and which promotes the contraction of gallbladder and stimulates enzyme secretion by the pancreas secretin.

It is released by the small intestine to stimulate the secretion of a fluid containing the digestive enzymes by the pancrea. Glucagon like immunoreactive factor G L I or gut glucagon. It is secreted by the stomach and the intestine and stimulates beta cells of eyelets of Langerhans to secrete insulin.

In Taro Kronan, it is secreted by the small intestine and stimulates the secretion of intestinal juice. Villa Kinan. It is secreted by the small intestine and stimulates the movements of villa apart from pumping the blood throughout the. The heart additionally functions as a sort of endocrine gland by secreting a peptide hormone called the atrium natriuretic factor a n F.

The A n f is produced by the right atrium and inhibits renin secretion. In turn, inhibiting the production of angiotensin and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It helps in the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume by stimulating the excretion of water, sodium, and potassium. The hypothalamus of the brain secretes different types of hormones called neuro hormones or neuro secretory releasing factors, rf, which control the activities of the pituitary g.

The neuro secretory releasing factors such as corticotropin releasing factor C R F, thyrotropin releasing factor T R F, growth hormone releasing factor G H R F. FS H releasing factor F S H R F and LH releasing factor L R F Control the activities of A C T H T S H G H F S H and LH respectively. Hormones maintain homeostasis in living systems.

The feedback control mechanism existing in the interrelation between hormones is also in fact very important in the maintenance of homeostasis. The rate of hormone synthesis and release is controlled by the negative feedback mechanism, which is best illustrated by the T R F T S H interaction. The hypothalamus secretes T R F, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete T S H.

Which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin. When the amount of thyroxin exceeds the required levels, it exerts a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus, which reduces the production of T R F. In turn, secreting less amounts of Ts h. When the amount of T s H is reduced hypo secretion naturally, thyroid gland also secretes less amount of thyroxine ultimately bringing back its levels to normal in the body.

The endocrine organs, their hormones, and the effects of these hormones on other systems as well as their disorders graphically explained through these videos are indispensable in the understanding of the basic functions of this complex system that makes the human body perform efficiently.